References
The use of conventional pathology tests is not common in the management of mental health. Yet, a very simple search shows there is extensive research between mental health and essential nutrients. Investigation of the need for these essential nutrients is not common practice in treatment of mental health symptoms.

Bio Balance Health has been actively involved in supporting and funding the following research projects:
Pyrroles as a Potential Biomarker for Oxidative Stress Disorders
https://bit.ly/IJMS-PyrrolesOxidativeStressBiomarker
Dr Fryar-Williams’ work has developed an above 90% statistical probability of diagnosis of certain schizophrenic conditions by using a combination of biomarkers.
Biomarkers of a five-domain translational substrate for schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychosis
Fryar-Williams S, Strobel JE.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342893/
Biomarker Case-Detection and Prediction with Potential for Functional Psychosis Screening: Development and Validation of a Model Related to Biochemistry, Sensory Neural Timing and End Organ Performance.
Fryar-Williams S, Strobel JE.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27148083
Fundamental Role of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677 C → T Genotype and Flavin Compounds in Biochemical Phenotypes for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Psychosis
Fryar-Williams S, Strobel JE.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27148083
Micronutrient Therapy for Violent Aggressive Male Youth
Jessica L. Hambly, MPharm (Hons),1 Kelly Francis, MBBS, FRACGP,2 Sohil Khan, PhD,1,3
Kristen S. Gibbons, PhD, AStat,3 William J. Walsh, PhD,4 Brett Lambert, MAppSc,5
Chris Testa, BPharm, BBus,6 and Alison Haywood, PhD1,3
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28481642
Brain-specific epigenetic markers of schizophrenia
VLJ Whitehall, RM Young, J Voisey
https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2015177
The Effectiveness of Targeted Nutrient Therapy in Treatment of Mental Illness
https://www.biobalance.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Effectiveness-of-Targeted-Nutrient-Therapy-1.pdf
Database Analysis of Depression and Anxiety in a Community Sample—Response to a Micronutrient Intervention
Samantha M. Kimball, Naghmeh Mirhosseini, and Julia Rucklidge
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852728/
The effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on symptoms of schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Psychol Med.2017 Jul;47(9):1515-1527. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000022. Epub 2017 Feb 16.
Firth J1, Stubbs B2, Sarris J3, Rosenbaum S4, Teasdale S5, Berk M6, Yung AR1.
Diet and Psychosis: A Scoping Review.
Neuropsychobiology.2018 Oct 25:1-23. doi: 10.1159/000493399. [Epub ahead of print]
Aucoin M1, LaChance L2,3, Cooley K1,4, Kidd S2
Alterations of serum macro-minerals and trace elements are associated with major depressive disorder: a case-control study.
BMC Psychiatry.2018 Apr 10;18(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1685-z.
Islam MR1, Islam MR2, Shalahuddin Qusar MMA3, Islam MS4, Kabir MH5, Mustafizur Rahman GKM5, Islam MS2, Hasnat A2.
Association between Lower Intake of Minerals and Depressive Symptoms among Elderly Japanese Women but Not Men: Findings from Shika Study.
Nutrients. 2019 Feb 13;11(2). pii: E389. doi: 10.3390/nu11020389.
Thi Thu Nguyen T1, Miyagi S2, Tsujiguchi H3, Kambayashi Y4, Hara A5, Nakamura H6, Suzuki K7, Yamada Y8, Shimizu Y9, Nakamura H10.
The analogy to human health should be clear yet the medical world dismisses these issues in mental health. The link to this paper is here to provide information for all.
Trace Element disorders in South Australian Agriculture
Zinc:
Zinc in CNS: From Molecules to Behaviour. “Biofactors” 2012 Mar 31
Covered role of zinc in transcription factors, gene regulation, transporters, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, AD, Depression, Stroke, Epilepsy. This paper alone had 81 references
Zinc supplementation in Major Depression: A RCT. Iran J Psychiatry. 2013 June 8, 73—79
SSRI plus zinc is more effective than SSRI plus placebo in treating depression. This paper alone had 26 reference articles
Zinc in Depression, A Meta-Analysis: Biological Psychiatry: 2013, Dec15, pp872—878
Considered 17 studies in 1643 patients
Concluded:
-
- Zinc concentrations 1.85micm/l lower in depressed patients.
- The lower the zinc concentration the more severe the depression.
- Low zinc levels are a marker of treatment resistant depression.
Magnesium:
Association between magnesium intake and depression: Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry: Volume 43, 2009
5708 patients. “There is an inverse statistically significant association between dietary magnesium intake and depression score”
There seemed to be a similar association with anxiety but not statistically significant.
Magnesium and depression: A Systematic Review. Nutritional Neuroscience, Vol 16, 2013.
21 cross sectional studies, 3 interventional studies, one prospective trial.
“A higher dietary intake of magnesium is associated with lower depression symptoms.”
The Role of Magnesium in Neurological Disorders.
2018 Jun 6;10(6). pii: E730. doi: 10.3390/nu10060730.
Kirkland AE1, Sarlo GL2, Holton KF3,4.
AR-A014418, a selective GSK-3 inhibitor, produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2004, 7, 387–390.
Gould TD, Einat H, Bhat R, Manji HK
Rapid antidepressive-like activity of specific glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor and its effect on beta-catenin in mouse hippocampus.
Biol Psychiatry, 2004, 55, 781–784.
Kajdanovich-Beilin O, Milman A, Weizman A, Pick CG, Eldar-Finkelman H
Antidepressant activity of zinc and magnesium in view of the current hypotheses of antidepressant action
Bernadeta Szewczyk1,*, Ewa Poleszak3,*, Magdalena Sowa-Kuæma1, Marcin Siwek4, Dominika Dudek4, Beata Ryszewska-Pokraœniewicz5, Maria Radziwoñ-Zaleska5, W³odzimierz Opoka7, Janusz Czekaj6, Andrzej Pilc1,6, Gabriel Nowak1,2 Pharmacological Reports 2008, 60, 588–599 ISSN 1734-1140
Role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression: A randomized clinical trial.
PLoS2017 Jun 27;12(6):e0180067. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180067. eCollection 2017.
Tarleton EK1, Littenberg B1,2, MacLean CD1,2, Kennedy AG1,2, Daley C3.
Folic Acid:
Enhancement of antidepressant action of fluoxetine by folic acid: a randomised placebo control trial.
Journal od Affective Disorders, Nov 2000, pp121—130
Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and B12.
Journal of Psychopharmacology, Jan 1 2005
“There is now evidence of a common decrease in folic acid and B12, an increase homocysteine and polymorphism of MTHFR C677T being overrepresented in depressive patients”
Enhancement of recovery from mental illness with L-methylfolate supplementation.
Perspective Psychiatric Care: 2018 April 54[2], pp331—334
Folate in unipolar depressive illness, a systematic review and meta-analysis.
J Psychopharmacology: 2018. April:32 [4] pp377—384
Folate in depression: efficacy, safety, differences in formulations, and clinical issues.
J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70 Suppl 5:12-17. [Full text]
Fava M, Mischoulon D.
The role of folic acid in the prevention and treatment of depression: An overview of existing evidence and implications for practice
Pyridoxine:
Pyridoxine and the premenstrual syndrome: a randomised crossover trial.
British Journal of General Practice. 1989: 39[326] 364—368
Conclusion: There was a statistically significant benefit in depression, irritability and tiredness in the treated group.
Antidepressive effect of pyridoxine in neuroleptic treated schizophrenic patients with co-morbid depression
Harefuah [Israel] May 2001: 140 [5]; 369—373.
Conclusion: A subgroup of schizophrenic patients with co-morbid depression may benefit from pyridoxine added to their anti-psychotic treatment
B Complex Vitamin Patterns in Geriatric and Young Adult In patients with Major Depression.
Journal of American Geriatrics Society: March 1991: Vol 39 issue 3
Conclusion: A poorer status of B Vitamins is present in major depression.
Direct and Functional Biomarkers of Vitamin B6 Status
Peripheral neuropathy with hypervitaminosis B6 caused by self-medication
Rev Med Interne. 2019 Nov 30. pii: S0248-8663(19)31146-4. doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2019.11.003. [Epub ahead of print] [Article in French]
Malet L1, Dayot L2, Moussy M3, de la Gastine B2, Goutelle S4.
Vitamin D:
Vitamin D in schizophrenia: a clinical review.
Evid Based Ment Health. 2016 Feb;19(1):6-9. doi: 10.1136/eb-2015-102117. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
Chiang M1, Natarajan R1, Fan X2.
Efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in major depression: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
J Postgrad Med.2018 Jun 21. doi: 10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_571_17. [Epub ahead of print]
Vellekkatt F1, Menon V1
Vitamin D is a potential antidepressant in psychiatric outpatients.
Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther.2018 Dec;56(12):585-596. doi: 10.5414/CP203309.
Abdul-Razzak KK, Almanasrah SO, Obeidat BA, Khasawneh AG
Adjunctive Nutraceuticals for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.
Am J Psychiatry.2016 Jun 1;173(6):575-87. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091228. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
Sarris J1, Murphy J1, Mischoulon D1, Papakostas GI1, Fava M1, Berk M1, Ng CH1
Association of antepartum vitamin D deficiency with postpartum depression: a clinical perspective.
Public Health Nutr.2019 Jan 18:1-6. doi: 10.1017/S136898001800366X. [Epub ahead of print]
Szpunar MJ1
Non-cardiac Chest Pain and Anxiety: A Possible Link to Vitamin D and Calcium.
J Clin Psychol Med Settings.2018 Aug 27. doi: 10.1007/s10880-018-9579-2. [Epub ahead of print]
Alkhatatbeh MJ1, Abdul-Razzak KK2, Amara NA2, Al-Jarrah M3.
Database Analysis of Depression and Anxiety in a Community Sample-Response to a Micronutrient Intervention.
2018 Jan 30;10(2). pii: E152. doi: 10.3390/nu10020152.
Kimball SM1,2, Mirhosseini N3, Rucklidge J4
Vitamin D and probiotic co-supplementation affects mental health, hormonal, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
J Ovarian Res.2019 Jan 21;12(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13048-019-0480-x.
Ostadmohammadi V1, Jamilian M2, Bahmani F1, Asemi Z3
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Adult Outpatients With Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia.
J Clin Psychopharmacol.2016 Dec;36(6):588-592.
Boerman R1, Cohen D, Schulte PF, Nugter A.
Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior.
FASEB J.2015 Jun;29(6):2207-22. doi: 10.1096/fj.14-268342. Epub 2015 Feb 24.
Patrick RP1, Ames BN1
Hypovitaminosis D is associated with depression and anxiety in schizophrenia: Results from the national FACE-SZ cohort.
Psychiatry Res.2018 Dec;270:104-110. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.024. Epub 2018 Sep 13.
Fond G1, Godin O2, Schürhoff F et al
Hypovitaminosis D is associated with negative symptoms, suicide risk, agoraphobia, impaired functional remission, and antidepressant consumption in schizophrenia.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci.2018 Aug 4. doi: 10.1007/s00406-018-0932-0. [Epub ahead of print]
Fond G1,2,3, Faugere M4,5,6, Faget-Agius C4,5,6,et al
Hypovitaminosis D is associated with depression and anxiety in schizophrenia: Results from the national FACE-SZ cohort.
Psychiatry Res.2018 Dec;270:104-110. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.024. Epub 2018 Sep 13.
Fond G1, Godin O2, Schürhoff F et al
Association Between Vitamin D Insufficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Psychotic Disorders.
The association between neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia.
Sci Rep.2018 Dec 6;8(1):17692. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35418-z.
Eyles DW1,2, Trzaskowski M3, Vinkhuyzen AAE3, et al
Vitamin D in schizophrenia: a clinical review.
Evid Based Ment Health. 2016 Feb;19(1):6-9. doi: 10.1136/eb-2015-102117. Epub 2016 Jan 14.
Chiang M1, Natarajan R1, Fan X2.
Vitamin D and clinical symptoms in First Episode Psychosis (FEP): A prospective cohort study.
Upregulation of vitamin D-related genes in schizophrenic patients.
Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat.2018 Oct 9;14:2583-2591. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S176301. eCollection 2018.
Asadzadeh Manjili F1, Kalantar SM2, Arsang-Jang S3, Ghafouri-Fard S4, Taheri M4,5, Sayad A4
Bipolar disorder in youth is associated with increased levels of vitamin D-binding protein.
Vitamin D3 Supplemental Treatment for Mania in Youth with Bipolar Spectrum Disorders.
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol.2015 Jun;25(5):415-24. doi: 10.1089/cap.2014.0110.
Sikoglu EM1,2,3, Navarro AA1,2,3,4, Starr D2,3, et al
Micronutrient intake adequacy and depression risk in the SUN cohort study.
Eur J Nutr.2018 Oct;57(7):2409-2419. doi: 10.1007/s00394-017-1514-z. Epub 2017 Sep 4.
Sánchez-Villegas A1,2, Pérez-Cornago A3, Zazpe I4,5, Santiago S5, Lahortiga F6, Martínez-González MA4,7,8.
Association between Serum Vitamin Levels and Depression in U.S. Adults 20 Years or Older Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005⁻2006.
Are plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and retinol levels and one-carbon metabolism related to metabolic syndrome in patients with a severe mental disorder?
SAMe:
Ethanol lowers glutathione in rat liver and brain and inhibits methionine synthase in a cobalamin-dependent manner.
Excessive S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine-Dependent Methylation Increases Levels of Methanol, Formaldehyde and Formic Acid in Rat Brain Striatal Homogenates: Possible role in S-adenosyl-L-methionine-induced Parkinson’s disease-like disorders.
Effects of chronic administration of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on brain oxidative stress in rats.
Effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine on rat brain oxidative stress damage in a combined model of permanent focal ischemia and global ischemia-reperfusion.
Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence.
Mischoulon D, Fava M. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1158S–1161S.
Folates and S-adenosylmethionine for major depressive disorder.
Papakostas GI, Cassiello CF, Iovieno N. Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;57(7):406–13.
Evidence for S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM-e) for the treatment of major depressive disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry.2009;70 Suppl 5:18-22. doi: 10.4088/JCP.8157su1c.04.
Papakostas GI1
Folate in depression: efficacy, safety, differences in formulations, and clinical issues.
Fava M, Mischoulon D. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70 Suppl 5:12-17.
Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies.
Bressa GM. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1994;154:7–14. [PubMed]
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) for Depression, Osteoarthritis and Liver Disease.
Hardy M, Coulter I, Morton SC, et al. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Rockville, MD: Aug, 2002.
Efficacy and tolerability of oral and intramuscular S-adenosyl-L-methionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate (SAMe) in the treatment of major depression: comparison with imipramine in 2 multicenter studies.
Delle Chiaie R, Pancheri P, Scapicchio P. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):1172S–6S.
Adjunctive Nutraceuticals for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.
Am J Psychiatry.2016 Jun 1;173(6):575-87. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091228. Epub 2016 Apr 26.
Sarris J1, Murphy J1, Mischoulon D1, Papakostas GI1, Fava M1, Berk M1, Ng CH1
Is S-Adenosyl Methionine (SAMe) for Depression Only Effective in Males? A Re-Analysis of Data from a Randomized Clinical Trial.
Sarris J, Price LH, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR, Ng CH, Papakostas GI, et al. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2015 Jul;48(4–5):141–4.
A comprehensive review on the efficacy of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine in Major Depressive Disorder.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets.2016;15(1):35-44.
De Berardis D1, Orsolini L, Serroni N, et al
S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) as treatment for depression: a systematic review.
Williams AL, Girard C, Jui D, et al. Clin Invest Med 2005;28(3):132-139. [Abstract]
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) as an adjunct for resistant major depressive disorder: an open trial following partial or nonresponse to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine.
Alpert JE, Papakostas G, Mischoulon D, et al. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24(6):661-664
S-Adenosyl-Methionine improves depression in patients with Parkinson's disease in an open-label clinical trial.
Mov Disord.2000 Nov;15(6):1225-9.
Di Rocco A1, Rogers JD, Brown R, Werner P, Bottiglieri T
Effects of S-adenosylmethionine augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder.
Eur Psychiatry.2012 Oct;27(7):518-21. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.03.006. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
Levkovitz Y1, Alpert JE, Brintz CE, Mischoulon D, Papakostas GI
Effects of S-adenosylmethionine augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder.
Levkovitz Y, Alpert JE, Brintz CE, et al. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):1174–1178.
Improvement of aggressive behavior and quality of life impairment following S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM-e) augmentation in schizophrenia.
The switch mechanism and the bipolar/unipolar dichotomy.
Carney MW, Chary TK, Bottiglieri T, Reynolds EH. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 1989 Jan;154:48–51.
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) for Depression, Osteoarthritis and Liver Disease.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Rockville, MD: Aug, 2002.
Hardy M, Coulter I, Morton SC, et al.
Psychological distress during the puerperium: a novel therapeutic approach using S-adenosylmethionine.
Ther. Res. 1993;53:701–716.
Cerutti R, Sichel MP, Perin M, et al.
Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence.
Mischoulon D, Fava M. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(5):1158S–1161S. [PubMed]
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies.
Bressa GM. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1994;154:7–14. [PubMed]
S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) for Depression, Osteoarthritis and Liver Disease.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; Rockville, MD: Aug, 2002.
Hardy M, Coulter I, Morton SC, et al.
S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(8):942–948. [PubMed]
Effects of S-adenosylmethionine augmentation of serotonin-reuptake inhibitor antidepressants on cognitive symptoms of major depressive disorder.
Levkovitz Y, Alpert JE, Brintz CE, et al. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):1174–1178. [PubMed]
Psychological distress during the puerperium: a novel therapeutic approach using S-adenosylmethionine.
Curr. Ther. Res. 1993;53:701–716.
Cerutti R, Sichel MP, Perin M, et al.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in liver dysfunction and affective disorders in relation to its physiological role in cell metabolism.
Drugs 1989;38(3):389-416. [Abstract]
Friedel HA, Goa KL, Benfield P.
Vitamin B12:
Vitamin B12 and homocysteine metabolism.
Micronutrient information center. Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Centre, 2003. Viewed 3 April 2017 http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminB12/figure9_1.html
Folate and B12 serum levels in association with depression in the aged: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Petridou ET1, Kousoulis AA1, Michelakos T1, Papathoma P1, Dessypris N1, Papadopoulos FC2, Stefanadis C
B vitamin polymorphisms and behavior: evidence of associations with neurodevelopment, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and cognitive decline.
Neurosci Biobehav2014 Nov;47:307-20. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.006. Epub 2014 Aug 27.
Mitchell ES1, Conus N2, Kaput J2.
Arch Gen Psychiatry.2003 Jun;60(6):618-26.
Folate, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and the MTHFR 677C – > T polymorphism in anxiety and depression: the Hordaland Homocysteine Study.
Bjelland I1, Tell GS, Vollset SE, Refsum H, Ueland PM.
Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12.
J Psychopharmacol.2005 Jan;19(1):59-65.
Coppen A1, Bolander-Gouaille C.
The Vitamins in Psychosis Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effects of Vitamins B12, B6, and Folic Acid on Symptoms and Neurocognition in First-Episode Psychosis.
Biol Psychiatry.2019 Jan 9. pii: S0006-3223(19)30001-0. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.12.018. [Epub ahead of print]
Allott K1, McGorry PD1, Yuen HP1, Firth J2, Proffitt TM3, Berger G4, Maruff P5, O’Regan MK1, Papas A1, Stephens TCB1, O’Donnell CP6
Vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder.
Psychiatry Res.2017 Aug;254:232-237. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.032. Epub 2017 Apr 21.
Esnafoğlu E1, Yaman E2.
Vitamin B12 deficiency: an important reversible co-morbidity in neuropsychiatric manifestations.
Indian J Psychol Med.2015 Jan-Mar;37(1):26-9. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.150809.
Issac TG1, Soundarya S1, Christopher R2, Chandra SR3.
Homocysteine:
Homocysteine excess: delineating the possible mechanism of neurotoxicity and depression.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.2005 Sep;29(7):1162-8.
Reif A1, Pfuhlmann B, Lesch KP.
Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12.
J Psychopharmacol.2005 Jan;19(1):59-65.
Coppen A1, Bolander-Gouaille C.
Hyperhomocysteinemia in bipolar depression: clinical and biochemical correlates.
Neuropsychobiology.2013;68(4):193-6. doi: 10.1159/000355292. Epub 2013 Nov 1.
Permoda-Osip A1, Dorszewska J, Skibinska M, Chlopocka-Wozniak M, Rybakowski JK.
Effect of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphisms on homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in patients with bipolar disorder and relatives.
Fundamental Role of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase 677 C → T Genotype and Flavin Compounds in Biochemical Phenotypes for Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Psychosis.
Front Psychiatry.2016 Nov 9;7:172. eCollection 2016.
Fryar-Williams S1.
Prevalence and clinical-demographic correlates of hyperhomocysteinemia in inpatients with bipolar disorder in a Han Chinese population.
Pseudodementia in a twenty-one-year-old with bipolar disorder and vitamin B12 and folate deficiency.
West Indian Med J.2000 Dec;49(4):347-8.
Reid SD1.
Hyperhomocysteinemia in bipolar depression: clinical and biochemical correlates.
Neuropsychobiology.2013;68(4):193-6. doi: 10.1159/000355292. Epub 2013 Nov 1.
Permoda-Osip A1, Dorszewska J, Skibinska M, Chlopocka-Wozniak M, Rybakowski JK.
[Homocysteine and cognitive functions in bipolar depression].
Psychiatr2014 Nov-Dec;48(6):1117-26. doi: 10.12740/PP/31394.
Permoda-Osip A1, Kisielewski J1, Dorszewska J2, Rybakowski J1.
Iodine:
Iodine deficiency, more than cretinism and goiter.
Med Hypotheses.2008 Nov;71(5):645-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.020. Epub 2008 Aug 13.
Verheesen RH1, Schweitzer CM.
Iodine deficiency impairs intellectual and neuromotor development in apparently-normal persons. A study of rural inhabitants of north-central China.
Med J Aust.1989 Jun 19;150(12):676-82.
Boyages SC1, Collins JK, Maberly GF, Jupp JJ, Morris J, Eastman CJ.
Language delay and poorer school performance in children of mothers with inadequate iodine intake in pregnancy: results from follow-up at 8 years in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
ur J Nutr.2018 Nov 12. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1850-7. [Epub ahead of print]
Abel MH1,2,3, Brandlistuen RE4, Caspersen IH1, Aase H4, Torheim LE2, Meltzer HM1, Brantsaeter AL5.
Suboptimal Maternal Iodine Intake Is Associated with Impaired Child Neurodevelopment at 3 Years of Age in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.
J Nutr.2017 Jul;147(7):1314-1324. doi: 10.3945/jn.117.250456. Epub 2017 May 17.
Abel MH1,2,3, Caspersen IH2, Meltzer HM2, Haugen M2, Brandlistuen RE4, Aase H4, Alexander J2, Torheim LE3, Brantsæter AL5.
Maternal Iodine Intake and Offspring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Large Prospective Cohort Study.
2017 Nov 13;9(11). pii: E1239. doi: 10.3390/nu9111239.
Abel MH1,2,3, Ystrom E4,5,6, Caspersen IH7, Meltzer HM8, Aase H9, Torheim LE10, Askeland RB11, Reichborn-Kjennerud T12,13, Brantsæter AL14.
Selenium:
The effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on parameters of mental health, hormonal profiles, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Serum trace element differences between Schizophrenia patients and controls in the Han Chinese population.
Manganese:
Dentine biomarkers of prenatal and early childhood exposure to manganese, zinc and lead and childhood behavior.
Prenatal co-exposure to manganese and depression and 24-months neurodevelopment.
2018 Jan;64:134-141. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Jul 17.
Muñoz-Rocha TV1, Tamayo Y Ortiz M2, Romero M3, Pantic I4, Schnaas L5, Bellinger D6, Claus-Henn B7, Wright R8, Wright RO9, Téllez-Rojo MM10.
Environmental exposure to metals, neurodevelopment, and psychosis.
Curr Opin Pediatr.2016 Apr;28(2):243-9. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000332.
Modabbernia A1, Arora M, Reichenberg A.
Schizophr 2017 Oct 21;43(6):1153-1157. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbx112.
New Research Strategy for Measuring Pre- and Postnatal Metal Dysregulation in Psychotic Disorders.
Early-life metal exposure and schizophrenia: A proof-of-concept study using novel tooth-matrix biomarkers.
Association of hair manganese level with symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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